Book 2 Part 5 Chapter 3 (Chapter 145 overall)

Chapter Summaries: Doctor Metivier. The old prince's name-day, December 6 (18) 1811. the doctor beards the lion. The prince's indignation. Threatens to send his daughter away. The dinner party. Count Rostopchin's epigram. Discussion of current politics. Boris expresses his opinion. Cacoethes Scribendi. General Chatrof's criticism. The prince's treatment of his daughter. French ideas. The old prince agrees with Rostopchin.
Briggs: Prince Bolkonsky treats Dr Metivier as a spy. Congenial conversation.
Maude: Dr Metivier treated as a spy by the old Prince. The dinner on the Prince's nameday
Pevear and Volkhonsky (Chapters 3-4): Scandal with Dr. Metivier. The prince's name-day dinner. Political talk. Pierre and Marya discuss Boris and Julie Karagin.

Translation:

III. In the year 1811 in Moscow lived a fast entering into fashion French doctor, huge by height, beautiful, as kind as French and, as said all in Moscow, a doctor of extraordinary art — Metivier. He was adopted into the houses of higher society not as a doctor, but as an equal. Prince Nikolay Andreich, who laughed above medicine, in the latter time, by the advice of m-lle Bourienne, allowed to himself this doctor and used him. Metivier two times a week was at the prince’s. On Nikolay’s day, on the name day of the prince, all Moscow was at the entrance of his home, but he told to not take anyone; but only a few, the list of which he delivered to Princess Marya, were told to call for dinner. Metivier, arriving in the morning with congratulations, in the quality of doctor, found it decent to force an upset of the order,521 as he said to Princess Marya, and entered to the prince. It happened so, that on this nameday morning the old prince was in one of his worst locations of spirit. He the whole morning went by the home, finding fault with all and made the view that he did not understand what was spoken to him, and that he was not understood. Princess Marya firmly knew this state of quiet spirit and preoccupied grumpiness, which usually allowed an explosion of madness, and as a before charged, with cocked hammers, gun, went all this morning expecting the inevitable shot. The morning to the arrival of the doctor passed safely. Skipping the doctor, Princess Marya sat with a book in the living room at the door against which she could hear all that was happening in the office. First she heard only the voice of Metivier, then the voice of her father, then both voices began talking together, the door swung open and on the doorstep appeared the scared, beautiful figure of Metivier with his black crest, and the figure of the prince in cap and smock with disfigured madness on his face and pupiless eyes. — Do you not understand? — shouted the prince, — But I understand! A French spy, Bonaparte’s slave, a spy, out of a prepared home — Out, I speak! — and he slammed shut the door. Metivier shrugging his shoulders came up to mademoiselle Bourienne, coming running from the shouting of the neighboring room. — The prince is really not healthy, — bile flowing to the head. Do not worry, I will call tomorrow,522 — said Metivier and, attaching his finger to his lips, hastily got out. Behind the door were heard steps in shoes and shouting: "Spies, traitors, everywhere traitors! In this house no minutes of peace!" After the departure of Metivier the old prince called to himself his daughter and all his power of anger collapsed on her. She was to blame in that to him she let a spy. Because he said to her to put together the list, and those who were not on the list to not be let in. What for again did she let this bastard! She was the only cause. "With her he could not have minutes of peace and could not die calmly," he said. No, mother, break up, break up, this you know, you know! I now can no more, — he said and got out of the room. And as if fearing, she would not manage to be somewhat comforted, he returned to her and, trying to accept a calm view, added: — And do not think, so I said this to you in a moment of anger, but I am calm, and I have thought over this; and this is my will — break up, search places for yourself!... — but he did not withstand and with that bitterness, which may be only in a human which loves, he, apparently himself suffering, shook his fists and screamed at her: — And though would some fool take her to get married! — he slammed the door, called to himself m-lle Bourienne and fell silent in the office. In two hours gathered together the chosen six persons to dinner. The visitors — the known Count Rastopchin, Prince Lopuhin with his nephew, General Chatrov, an old, battle fellow of the prince, and of the young Pierre and Boris Drubetskoy — were waiting for him in the living room. The other day arrived in Moscow on vacation Boris, who wished to be presented to Prince Nikolay Andreyevich and managed to such an extent ingratiate his location that the Prince for him made an exception of all idle young people, which he did not take to himself. The house of the prince was not that what is called "the world," but this was such a little club, which although about it was not heard in the city, it was a flatter only to be adopted. This Boris got a week to that backwards, when at him Rastopchin said to the commander in chief, who called the count for dinner on Nikolay’s day that he may not be: — On this day really I always ride to attach to the relics of Prince Nikolay Andreevich. — Ah yes, yes, — was the response of the commander in chief. — How is he?.. The not large society, gathered at the old fashioned, high, with old furniture, living room before dinner, was appearing the gathered, solemn advice tribunals. All was silent and should they speak they spoke quietly. Prince Nikolay Andreich got out serious and silent. Princess Marya appeared still quieter and more timid than usually. The visitors reluctantly turned to her because of how they saw that she was not to their talking. Count Rastopchin alone held the thread of conversation, telling about the latest city, then political news. Lopuhin and the old general occasionally took part in the conversation. Prince Nikolay Andreich listened to, as a supreme judge listening to a report, which he did, only occasionally silently or shortly verbally stating how he accepted that note that was reported to him. The tone of conversation was such that it was understood nothing was approved of what was done in the political world. Events were told obviously confirming that all was going worse and worse; but in every story and judgment it was amazing that the narrator stopped or were stopped any time on that border where judgment could relate to the face of the sovereign emperor. Behind dinner conversation called for being about the latest political news, about the capture by Napoleon of the possessions of the duke of Oldenburg and about the Russian hostile to Napoleon note, sent to all European courts. — Bonaparte arrives from Europe as a pirate on a conquered ship, — said Count Rastopchin, repeating now a few times spoken by him phrase. — I am amazed only by the patience or blinding of the sovereigns. Now business reaches to the pope, and Bonaparte is now not embarrassed to want to topple the head of the Catholic religion, and all keep silent! Only our sovereign protested against the capture of possessions of the duke of Oldenburg. And that... — Count Rastopchin fell silent, feeling that he stood on that turn, where now it cannot be to condemn. — Offered other possessions instead of the Oldenburg duchies, — said Prince Nikolay Andreich. — exactly as I peasants from Bald Mountains resettled to Bogucharovo and to Ryazan, so is he with dukes. — The duke of Oldenburg tolerates his misfortune with surprising strength of character and calmness,523 — said Boris, respectfully marching into conversation. He said this because of how from Petersburg he had the honor to present to the duke. Prince Nikolay Andreich looked at the young man as if he would have wanted to say something to him in this, but thought, considering him too young for this. — I was reading our protest about the Oldenburg case and was surprised at the bad edition of this note, — said Count Rastopchin, with the careless tone of a man judging about a case he was well familiar with. Pierre with naive surprise looked at Rastopchin, not understanding why he was bothered by the bad edition of the note. — Do all care how the note is written, count? — he said, — if the content of it is strong. — My dear, with 500 thousands troops it would be easy to have a good syllable,524 — said Count Rastopchin. Pierre got why Count Rastopchin was bothered by the edition of the note. — It seems, the hack quite got a divorce, — said the old prince: — there in Petersburg all write, not only notes, — new laws all write. My Andryusha there for Russia wrote a whole volume of laws. Now all write! — and he unnaturally bursted out laughing. The conversation shut up in a moment; the old general coughing turned on himself attention. — Deigned to hear about the last event looking on Petersburg? How to myself the new French envoys showed! — What? Yes, I heard something; he said something awkwardly to his majesty. — His majesty turned his attention to a grenadier division in ceremonial march, — continued the general, — and as if a messenger with no attention turned and as if allowed himself to say that we in ourselves in France to such nonsense do not turn attention. The sovereign deigned to say nothing. At the next look, they speak, the sovereign not once deigned to turn to him. All fell silent: at this fact, carried off personally to the sovereign, could have no judgments declared. — Daring! — said the prince. — Do you know Metivier? I now kicked him out from myself. He was here, let to me, as I requested nobody to be let, — said the prince, angrily looking at his daughter. And he told all of his conversation with the French doctor and the causes that made him sure that Metivier was a spy. Although these causes were extremely insufficient and were not clear, no one objected. Behind the hot dinner was given champagne. The visitors got up from their places, and congratulated the old prince. Princess Marya also came up to him. He looked at her with a cold, angry look and set up to her his shriveled, shaved cheek. All the expression of his face said to her that the morning conversation between them was not forgotten, that his solution was left in previous strength, and that only thanks to the presence of the guests he did not speak to her this now. Now coming out to the living room to coffee, the elderly sat down together. Prince Nikolay Andreich was more revived and expressed his form of thoughts about the lying ahead war. He said that our war with Bonaparte to this will be unhappy, while we will search for unions with the Germans and butt into European affairs, into what sucked us into the Tilsit peace. We for Austria, nor against Austria do not need to fight. Our politics are all in the East, but regarding Bonaparte alone — armament on the border and hardness in politics, and he will never dare to step on the Russian border, as he did in the seventh year. — And where are we, prince, to fight with the French! — said Count Rastopchin. — Don't we against our teachers and gods take up arms? Look at our young people, look at our mistresses. Our gods— the French, our kingdom of heaven — Paris. He began to speak louder, obviously so he would be heard by all. — Costumes French, thought French, feeling French! You from here Metivier in stitches kicked out, because of how he is French and a scoundrel, but our ladies behind him come crawling. Yesterday I was at an evening, of five mistresses three were Catholic and, by the approval of the pope, on Sunday were sewing canvas. But themselves a little bit not naked sitting, as signboards for a shopping bath, with permission they say. Oh, see in our young people, prince, I would take the old club of Peter the Great from the cabinet of curiosities, and in Russian would break off sides, and all nonsense would jump off! All fell silent. The old prince with a smile on his face watched Rastopchin and approvingly rocked his head. — Well, farewell, your excellency, do not be ill, — said Rastopchin, with his peculiar fast movements lifting and holding out his hand to the prince. — Goodbye, darling, — the psaltery always absorbs you! — said the old prince, holding him behind the arm and substituting it for a kiss on the cheek. With Rastopchin had risen the others. 521 de forcer la consigne, (to force the order,) 522 la bile et le transport au cerveau. Tranquillisez-vous, je repasserai demain, (bile and transportation to the brain. Calm yourself, I will come back tomorrow,)

523 Le duc d’Oldenbourg supporte son malheur avec une force de caractère et une résignation admirable, (The Duke of Oldenburg supports his misfortune with a force of character and admirable resignation,) 524 Mon cher, avec nos 500 mille hommes de troupes, il serait facile d’avoir un beau style, (My dear, with our 500 thousand troops, it would be easy to have a good style,)   

Time: 1811, St. Nicholas Day (Dole adds 6th of December (O.S.), two o'clock

Locations: Prince Bolkonsky's house in Moscow
Mentioned: France (and French), Oldenburg, Russia (and Russian), Europe (and European), Lysyya Gory, Bogucharovo, Ryazan estates, St. Petersburg, German, Tilsit, Austria, East, Paris

Pevear and Volokhonsky Notes: A French doctor Metivier has become famous and is invited into society. Reminder that Nikolai Bolkonsky does not believe in medical science, but Mlle Bourienne's power over him brings Metivier into Bolkonsky's circle.

Huge contrast with the name day of Nikolai and the way Count Rostof welcomes people early in the novel on his wife and daughter's name day.

Nikolai of course thinks Metivier is a spy for the French.

"Spies, traitors, traitors everywhere! Not a moment's peace in my own house!"

"he could not control himself and with that spitefulness which belongs only to someone who loves, he shook his fists at her, obviously suffering,"

Boris has weaseled himself into Bolkonsky's circle and Pierre intersects into this part of the story.

The difference between how political news is discussed here with the Anna Pavlovna circle: "Prince Nikolai Andreevich listened as a supreme court justice listens to a report being made to him, only occasionally indicating by
a grunt or a brief phrase that he has taken into consideration what is being reported to him. The tone of the conversation made it clear that no one approved of what was happening in the political world."

The duke of Oldenburg and the kidnapping of the pope episodes are discussed superficially by Rastopchin.

Nikolai makes a very revealing analogy: "He (Napoleon) moves dukes around the way I move peasants from Bald Hills to Bogucharovo and my Ryazan estates."

Rastopchin has problems with the poor wording of the note to the French, which bewilders Pierre.

"It seems there are lots of scribblers around," said the old prince. "There in Petersburg they're writing all the time, not only notes but new laws. My Andryusha wrote a whole volume of laws for Russia there. Nowadays
everybody writes!"'

The nonsense about the formalities and ceremony between the French and the Russians: "this fact, which referred personally to the sovereign, it was impossible to express any opinion."

No one calls out Bolkonsky for calling Metivier a spy.

"He (Bolkonsky) said that our wars with Bonaparte would be unsuccessful so long as we sought alliance with the Germans and meddled in the affairs of Europe, which we had been drawn into by the peace of Tilsit. We had
no need to fight either for or against Austria. Our politics all lie in the East, and in relation to Bonaparte there is one thing--armed borders and firm politics--and he will never dare cross Russian borders as in the year seven."

Count Rastopchin says rather dramatically and astonishingly in what must be a gross exaggeration: "The French are our gods, and our kingdom of heaven is Paris...French clothes, French thoughts, French feelings!"
Rastopchin criticizes the way Catholicism and ladies are permeating Russian society.

Characters (characters who do not appear, but are mentioned are placed in italics. First appearances are in Bold. First mentions are underlined. Final appearance denoted by *):

Metivier (Bell adds M. to the front of his name for monsieur).

Prince Nikolai Andreyitch (also “old prince” and “illustriousness”)

Mademoiselle Bourienne

Princess Mariya

Napoleon Bonaparte

Count Rostopchin (Bell spells it “...Rostopchine”)

Prince Lopukhin (as in Dole, Mandelker, Weiner, and Briggs. “...Lopuhin” in Garnett and Edmonds. “...Lapoukhine” in Bell.)

General Chatrof (Prince Lopukhin’s nephew. “...Chatrov” in Edmonds, Weiner, Maude, and Dunnigan. “..Tchatrov” in Garnett. “...Tchatrow” in Bell. Also “old general”.)

Pierre

Boris Drubetskoi

Emperor Alexander (“majesty”, “sovereign”, and “the Emperor”)

Duke of Oldenburg (also “Duchy of Oldenburg”. Bell uses “Grand Duchy of Oldenburg”)

The pope (also “head of the Catholic religion”)

Prince Andrei (“My Andryusha”)

Peter the Great (Rostopchin mentions his “cudgel”)

(also “governor-general of the city”, who is not Rostopchin, yet. “commander-in-chief of Moscow” in Garnett and Briggs. Mandelker just has “commander-in-chief.” Since the person invites Rostopchin to a St. Nicholas
Day dinner, his name is probably Nikolai, though the governor-general of Moscow before Rostopchin was Ivan Gudovich, who does not appear to be mentioned by name in the novel.

There is also the French ambassador the story is told about, who is evidently not Caulaincourt, see below.)

Abridged Versions: Line break after the governor-general asks “How is he?” in Dole. Mandelker puts an ellipsis afterwards. No break at all in Bell.
Gibian: Chapter 3.

Fuller: Entire chapter is cut.

Komroff: The Metivier setup and episode is removed and we go straight to the St Nicholas day party. Some of the conversation is removed, including, of course, the Metivier section, but Bolkonsky talking about his
son writing laws as well. Followed by a break.

Kropotkin: Entire chapter is cut.

Bromfield: Chapter 9: The old prince and Metivier actually have a conversation about politics, or at least, Metivier speaks to him about politics, mentioning Napoleon and Spain, the continental system, Speransky,
French and Russian policy in the Mediterranean, and Catherine the Great. The prince then decides Metivier is a spy. “After that day a rumour that Metivier was Bonaparte’s spy spread throughout Moscow, and
was half believed.” The conversation with Rostopchin is a little longer, starting with Nikolai Andreevich and Rostopchin having a problem with the ministers and the way the coins no longer represent the Tzar. We
also get the name of the French ambassador (Lauriston, see Book 3 Chapter 3) that disrespects the Tsar. The old prince also calls Kutuzov old and isn’t able to talk about Bonaparte. “He was beginning to feel
he did not understand this man: following Napoleon’s marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Kaiser the year before, the old prince had no longer been able to despise him with confidence, but nor could he
believe in his strength either.” No break of any kind.
Simmons: Chapter 3: entire chapter is cut and replaced with "Old Prince Bolkonski furiously blames his daughter for allowing the French physician Metivier to visit him, and insists they must think of parting. Among
at the Prince's dinner are Pierre, Boris Drubetskoy, whose social climbing continues, and Count Rostopchin, Governor General and Commander in Chief of Moscow and an extreme reactionary. He and the old prince
approve the threatening rupture in the peaceful Russian-French relations.

Edmundson: Act Three Scene 4: Bolkonsky's soiree also includes Anna and Vasili (Rastopchin and the like are not here). Maria and Pierre have their conversation about Andrei and Natasha and she also includes

her desire to leave on a pilgrimage.

Act Three Scene 5: Pierre with Napoleon reflects on his drinking, his inability to achieve his goals, and death.

Additional Notes: Dole: (on Rostopchin) “Wrote satires under the pseudonym of Sila Andreyevitch Bogatuiref. His bulletins were masterpieces of eloquence.”

Maude: “a favourite of Tsar Paul...He was noted for his conservative views and his opposition to Speranski’s reforms.” Maude also calls him “a most eccentric and unreliable man.”

Garnett: “In May 1809 Napoleon imprisoned Pope Pius VII (1742-1830) and seized lands belonging to the Catholic Church.”

Kaufman Page 144: “But what could be more human, Princess Marya knows, than a proud old man painfully aware that his glory has passed? Or a widower at once desperate for his daughter’s affection and

constitutionally incapable of receiving, let alone returning, it? Or a frail father who fumbles around for his spectacles lying right next to him, who makes a false step with his weakening legs while looking up quickly

to make sure nobody has noticed, who suddenly drops his napkin, dozes off, and hangs his tired, gray head over (Page 145) his plate at the dinner table?”

Christian: Viii: “so many of Tolstoy’s mature opinions are to be found in embryonic form at a very early age. It cannot be said too often that his ‘conversion’ was not a sudden volte-face, the sour grapes of a man

growing too old to enjoy the pagan, sensual and materialistic pleasures of life, and devoting his last years to saving his soul and making his peace with God. The germ of almost everything that came to fruition

in his thinking and writing after 1880 can be found in one or other of his letters of the previous thirty years: his pacifism, his rejection of capital punishment, his hostility towards state institutions and bureaucratic

practices, his unconventional views on primary and secondary education, his distrust of university professors, doctors and journalists, his hatred of big cities and an urban society based n the buying and selling

of property, his painful awareness of the contrast between his own material well-being and the poverty surrounding him and his concern to just his art in terms of usefulness to the community as a whole.”

Herold Page 296: .Napoleon annexed of the northwest coast of Germany...Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, thus dispossessing Alexander’s brother-in-law. Alexander was as incensed at this insult as he was at the fact

that the French Foreign Office did everything it could to prevent Turkey from making peace with Russia. Another point of friction was the Polish policy adopted by Alexander in 1811, when, in order to weaken the

French-controlled Grand Duchy of Warsaw, he sent out feelers to the (page 297) Polish leaders, suggesting the reconstitution of a Kingdom of Poland, with himself as its king.”

Book 2 Part 5 Chapter 2 (Chapter 144 overall)

Chapter Summaries: Prince N. A. Bolkonsky in Moscow. His peculiar position. The inner life of the family. Princess Mariya's sufferings. Her inherited temper. Princess Mariya and Mlle. Bourienne. The prince's treatment of the Frenchwoman. Princess Mariya's compassion for her father.
Briggs: Marya teaches little Nikolay. Prince Bolkonsky and Mlle Bourienne.
Maude: Prince Bolkonski in Moscow. His harsh treatment of Princess Mary. She teaches little Nicholas. The old Prince and Mademoiselle Bourienne.
Pevear and Volkhonsky: Old Prince Bolkonsky moves to Moscow with Marya and Nikolushka. Harsh treatment of Marya. The old prince and Mlle Bourienne.

Translation:

II. In the beginning of winter, Prince Nikolay Andreich Bolkonsky with his daughter arrived in Moscow. By his past, by his mind and originality, in particular by the weakening in that time of the delight of the reign of Emperor Aleksandr, and by that anti-French and patriotic direction which reigned in that time in Moscow, Prince Nikolay Andreich was made again immediately the subject of the special respectfulness of the Muscovites and the center of the Moscow opposition to the government. The prince had extremely aged in this year. In him appeared sharp signs of old age: unexpected sleep, forgetfulness nearest to the time of events and memory to the long, and the childish vanity with which he took the role as the head of the Moscow opposition. Despite that he was now an old man, especially in the evenings he went out to tea in his coat and powdered wig, and started, affected by something, his abrupt stories about the past, or still more abrupt and sharp judgments about the present, he excited in all his guests a equal sense of deferential respect. For all the visitors of this vintage house with its huge dressing table, pre-revolutionary furniture, these lackeys in powder, and himself, the of the past century steep and smart old man with his meek daughter and pretty Frenchwoman, who were in awe before him, — submitted a majestically-pleasant sight. Yet visitors did not think about how besides these two to three hours of time which they saw the hosts, were still 22 hours in a day, a time in which went the secret internal life of the home. In latter times in Moscow this internal life was made very heavy for Princess Marya. She was devoid of in Moscow her best joys — conversations with the godly people and solitude, — which refreshed her at Bald Mountains, and she did not have the benefits and joys of metropolitan life. Into the world she did not ride; all knew that her father did not let her without himself, but he himself by ill health could not ride, and she was now not invited to dinners and evenings. The hopes in marriage for Princess Marya had really left. She saw that coldness and bitterness with which Prince Nikolay Andreich took and escorted against young people who may be suitors, sometimes being in their house. Friends for Princesses Marya there were not: at this arrival in Moscow she was disappointed in her two most loved people: m-lle Bourienne, with whom she as before could not be quite frank, now had become for her unpleasant and she for some reason had begun to move away from her; Juli, who was in Moscow and to whom Princess Marya wrote five years in a row, manifested as completely alien her, when Princess Marya again went with her personally. Juli in this time, by the occasion of the death of her brothers, was made one of the richest brides in Moscow, found in all the full swing of societal pleasures. She was surrounded by young people, whom, as she thought, suddenly appreciated her virtues. Juli was found in that period of aging worldly young ladies, who feel that advanced the last chance of marriage, and now or never should decide her fate. Princess Marya with a sad smile remembered on Thursdays that she now had no one to write to as Juli, Juli, whose presence to her was not joyful, was here and saw her every week. She, as an old emigrant refusing to marry a lady at which he spent a few years in the evening, pitied that Juli was here and for her there was no one to write to. Princess Marya in Moscow had no one to talk with, no one to believe her grief, and her grief very much increased anew in this time. The term of the return of Prince Andrey and his marriage was approaching, but his commission to prepare his father to that not only was not executed, but the business oppositely seemed really spoiled, and a reminder about the Countess Rostov took out of himself the old prince, and so now a big part of the time he arrived not in spirit. A new grief, increased in the latter time for Princesses Marya, were the lessons which she gave to her six year old nephew. In her relations with Nikolushka she with horror knew in herself the property of irritability of her father. How many times she said to herself that she did not need to allow herself to get excited teaching her nephew, almost any time as she sat down with orders for the French alphabet, she so wanted to soon, and more easily pour from herself her knowledge into the child, already afraid that here his aunt was angered, that she at the slightest inattention to the parts of the boy shuddered, in a hurry, got excited, in an exalted voice, sometimes jerked him behind the arm and set him in the corner. Putting him in the corner, she herself began to cry above his evil, bad in kind, and Nikolushka, imitating her sobs, without permission went out from the corner, approaching to her and pulled away from her face his wet hand, and comforted her. But more, only more grief was delivered to the princess by the irritability of her father, always directed against his daughter and reaching in latter times to cruelty. If he would have forced her to spend all night bowing in place, if he would beat her, forced her to carry firewood and water, — in her head it would not have come that her position was difficult; but this affectionate tormentor, most cruel from how he loved and for that he tormented himself and her, — intentionally was able to not only offend, humiliate her, but prove to her that she was always and in all was to blame. In the latter time in him appeared a new feature, only tormenting Princess Marya more — this was his more convergence with m-lle Bourienne. Coming to him, in the first moment of receiving the news about the intentions of his son, the joking idea about how should Andrey marry, that he himself would marry Bourienne, — apparently was liked by him, and he with tenacity in the latter time (as it seemed to Princess Marya) only so to offend her, showed particular caresses to m-lle Bourienne and showed his discontent to his daughter by showing love to Bourienne. Once in Moscow, in the presence of Princess Marya (to her it seemed that her father on purpose did this to her), the old prince kissed m-lle Bourienne’s hand and, pulling her to himself, hugged and caressed her. Princess Marya flared up and ran out of the room. In a few minutes m-lle Bourienne entered to Princess Marya, smiling and funnily telling her something in her enjoyable voice. Princess Marya hastily wiped tears, with decisive steps came up to Bourienne and, apparently herself not knowing, with angry haste and an explosive voice, began to shout at the Frenchwoman: — This is nasty, low, and inhuman to use weakness... — she did not finish talking. — Go away from my room, — she screamed and sobbed. On the next day the prince did not say words not to his daughter; but she noticed that for dinner he ordered to serve food beginning with m-lle Bourienne. At the end of the dinner, when the barman, by previous habit, again gave coffee beginning with the princess, the prince suddenly became rabid, threw a crutch at Philip and immediately and already made a disposition about recoiling him into the soldiers. — You do not hear... two times said!.. You do not hear! She — is the first person in this house; she — is my best friend, — shouted the prince. — and should you allow yourself, — he shouted in anger, for the first time turning to Princess Marya, — another time, as yesterday you dared... to forget yourself before her, then I will show you who the master is in the house. Out! For I have not seen you; ask for her forgiveness! Princess Marya requested forgiveness to Amalya Evgenievna and to her father for herself and for Philip the barman who requested intercession. In such minutes in the soul of Princess Marya was going to a feeling similar to the pride of victims. And suddenly in such minutes as these, in her, this father, who she condemned, sought glasses, palpating beside them and not seeing them, or forgetting when it now was, or made with weakened feet an incorrect step and looked around whether anyone saw his weakness, or, what was only worse, he behind dinner, when there were not guests exciting him, suddenly dozed off, released his napkin, and bowed above the plate, shaking his head. “He is old and fragile, but I dare to condemn him!" she thought with disgust to mostly herself in such minutes.   

Time: the beginning of winter, the following day, dinner, end of dinner
Mentioned: last night

Locations: Prince Bolkonsky's house in Moscow,
Mentioned: French, Lysyya Gory

Pevear and Volokhonsky Notes: Shift to Nikolai Bolkonksky coming to Moscow with Marya. The last three chapters has Natasha, Sonya, Count Rostov, Pierre, Nikolai Bolkonsky, and Marya all coming to Moscow, helping to intersect those storylines.

"the weakening just then of the raptures over the reign of Alexander I"

"the anti-French and patriotic tendencies which reigned that time in Moscow", a big difference from what we saw in the St. Petersburg court with Helene.

Another year or time period where the old prince has aged dramatically.

"the visitors did not consider that, besides those two or three hours during which they saw their hosts, there were another twenty-two hours in the day during which the secret inner life of the house went on."

Princess Marya is not adjusting well to Moscow. She does not go into society or to parties or dinners because of her father.

Harshness of "Princess Marya had no friends."

The contrast with Julie Kuragin, who fits into society, and it seems that Marya has now discovered who she is, at least how she was presented to us earlier in the novel.

Strange "ethical simile": "Like the old emigre who refused to marry a lady with whom he had been spending his evenings for several years, because once married, he would not know where to spend his evenings"

"In her relations with Nikolushka, she recognized in herself with horror the quality of her father's irritability."

The description of how she treats and becomes disappointed with Nikolushka is of course a parallel to the introduction of her and her father's character in the novel, with the way he treated her when she struggled with a math
question.

Characters (characters who do not appear, but are mentioned are placed in italics. First appearances are in Bold. First mentions are underlined. Final appearance denoted by *):

Prince Nikolai Andreyitch Bolkonsky (also “father” and “the old prince”)

Princess Mariya (also "his daughter")

Emperor Alexander

Mademoiselle Amalie Bourienne (also "pretty Frenchwoman". Maude, Edmonds, and Briggs don’t use the additional name. Garnett has “Amalia Yevgenyevna” where Dole puts “Amalie Bourienne”. Mandelker puts “Amelia
Evgenievna” and follows it with “Mademoiselle Bourienne” in parenthesis. “Amaliya Evgenevna” in Weiner. Bell doesn’t use these two names, substituting a pronoun.)

Julie (the death of her brothers is also referenced)

Prince Andrei

Natasha (“Countess Rostova”. Garnett, Briggs, and Maude add “young”.)

Nikolushka (also “six-year-old nephew.” as with Prince Nikolai, Mariya, Bourienne, and Julie, since the chapter is written in a very summative way, it is tough to know whether to count the character as mentioned or inside the
chapter).

Filipp (though he seems to be “the butler” here, probably the same Filipp that was the “groom” earlier in the novel. He’s a “footman” in Edmonds.)

Abridged Versions: Start of Chapter 16 in Bell but no break at the end.
Gibian: Chapter 2.

Fuller: Start of Part Six. The paragraph about Nikolay Andreitch’s fame and Alexander’s waning popularity is removed. Then after the introduction that he is aging, Prince Andrei is due back soon, and any mention of Countess
Rostov makes the prince angry, we cut to Count Ilya Andreitch Rostov’s arrival to Moscow without a break.

Komroff: The paragraph about Old Prince Bolkonsky’s fame and Alexander’s waning popularity is removed. Otherwise, some details are removed, but the rest of the chapter is preserved and followed by a line break.

Kropotkin: Chapter is preserved.

Bromfield: Chapter 8: The episode of the coffee serving plays out with a “Lavrushka”, who is sent to Siberia, rather than just being threatened. “Princess Marya recall Prince Andrei’s words about who was really harmed by the
order of serfdom.” The order of events is slightly changed within the chapter with the treatment of “Coco” coming later in the chapter.
Simmons: Chapter 2: the Nikolushka section of the chapter is removed.

Edmundson: Act Three Scene Three: Maria is shown getting onto Little Nikolai before asking for forgiveness. Bolkonsky brings the letter from Andrei and the scene where Andrei tells Maria to take Little Nikolai outside despite

the cold is here, but it is Bolkonsky giving the command. This is also where Maria learns of the engagement. After Bolkonsky tells her to get out (there is no Metivier), we go back to Otradnoe where we have the episode of

Nikolai versus his mother about Sonya. After this we go back to the Bolkonsky's where Bolkonsky threatens the servant who does not serve Bourienne first. Nikolai and the Count then have a short conversation about Sonya

and the finances before he leaves.

Additional Notes:

Durant: Page 687: “Alexander, on returning to St. Petersburg, found nearly everyone--family, court, nobility, clergy, merchants, and populace, shocked that he had signed a humiliating peace with an upstart bandit atheist.”

..Rostopchin (the future governor of Moscow)--published articles explaining that the Peace of Tilsit was only a truce, and promising that the war against Napoleon would be resumed...Alexander lost confidence, and hardened

his rule...and abandoned his plans of reform...

Mikaberidze: Page 23: “In 1834 Pushkin…”At one time there really was a rivalry between Moscow and Petersburg. Then in Moscow there were rich nobles who did not work, grandees who had given up the court, and

independent, carefree individuals, passionately devoted to harmless sland and inexpensive hospitality; then Moscow was the gathering place for all Russia’s aristocracy, which streamed to it in winter from every province.

Brilliant young guardsmen flew thither from Petersburg. Every corner of the ancient capital was loud with music, there were crowds everywhere. Five thousand people filled the hall of the Noble Assembly twice a week. There

the young met; marriages were made. Moscow was as famous for its brides as Vyazma for its gingerbread; Moscow dinners became a proverb. The innocent eccentricities of the Muscovites were a sign of their independence.

They lived their own lives, amusing themselves as they liked, caring little for the opinion of others...From afar haughty Petersburg mocked, but did not interfere with old mother Moscow’s escapades.”

Troyat: Canes kept in salt were used to punish guilty servants. Or else a collar with iron points was placed around their necks. Not surprisingly (Page 245), no one made any mistakes. To Alexander, this was the image of paradise…”

Book 2 Part 5 Chapter 1 (Chapter 143 overall)

Chapter Summaries: Dole: Pierre's unhappiness. Death of Iosiph Alekseyevitch. Pierre's dissipation. Pierre welcomed in Moscow. His generosity. Retired Court-Chamberlains. The great question "Why?" Strong drink. The falsehood of life.
Briggs: Moscow. Pierre ruminates over what to with himself.
Maude: Pierre's life in Moscow. Asks himself: 'What for?' and "Why?"
Pevear and Volkhonsky: Pierre in Moscow. Moral dilemmas.

Translation:

Part the Fifth. I. Pierre after the matchmaking of Prince Andrey and Natasha, without every obvious cause, suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing the former life. As he was firmly convinced in the truths opened to him by his benefactor, as he was happy in that first time in the hobbies of the internal work of self-improvement, which he gave up with such a heat, after the engagement of Prince Andrey with Natasha and after the death of Iosif Alekseevich, about which he received news almost at that same time, — all the beauty of this previous life suddenly went missing for him. Stayed only a skeleton of life: his house with his brilliant wife, using now the graces of one important face, acquainted with all of Petersburg and service with boring formalities. And this former life suddenly with an unexpected abomination was presented to Pierre. He ceased to write in his diary, avoided the society of the brothers, began again to ride to the club, began again to drink much, again got close with idle company and started to lead such a life that Countess Elen Vasilievna considered it fit to make to him a strict comment. Pierre felt that she was right, and so that not to compromise his wife, left for Moscow. In Moscow, only as he entered into his huge house with the withered and dying princess, with huge servants, only as he saw — driving by the city — that Iverskaya chapel with countless lights of candles before golden robes, that Kremlin area with unbroken snow, these cabbies and shacks of Sivtseva Vrazhka, saw the old people of Moscow, willing nothing and in a hurry for nowhere and surviving the century, he saw the old ladies, Moscow mistresses, Moscow balls and the Moscow English club, — he felt himself in the house a quiet refuge. He became in Moscow quietly heated, habitually dirty, as in an old smock. All of Moscow society began from old women to children, as their long time expected guest, whose place was always ready and not occupied, — accepted Pierre. For the Moscow world, Pierre was a very cute, kind, smart, fun, generous eccentric, scattered and sincere, Russian, old cut baron. His purse was always empty, because of how open it was for all. The benefits, bad pictures, statues, charitable society, gypsies, school, subscription dinners, binges, masons, churches, books — no one and nothing received rejection, and if it would not have been for two of his friends, who occupied much of his money and who took him under their guardianship, he would have handed all out. At the club there was not a lunch, or an evening without him. Only as he leaned over in his place on the couch after two bottles of Margot, he was surrounded, and tied up in talk, disputes, and jokes. Where there was a quarrel, he — only with his good smile and by his way of saying a joke, — reconciled. The masonic dining room lodges were boring and sluggish, should he not be there. When after a single dinner he, with a good and sweet smile, handed over to the requests of fun company, lifted so to go with them, between the youth were heard joyful, solemn shouting. At the ball he was dancing, if not getting cavalier. The young ladies and young women loved him for that he, not caring for whom, was with all equally kind, especially after dinner. “He is lovely, he has no sex,”520 was said about him. Pierre was that retired good-naturedly surviving his century in Moscow chamberlain, what kind there were hundreds of. How would he have been terrified, should seven years to that backwards, when he only had arrived from behind the borders, someone would have said to him that he needed to search for nothing and dream up that his track was for a long time pierced, defined eternally, and that as he twirled, he would be all in his position. He would not have believed that! Did he not in all of his soul desire to produce a republic in Russia, the very Napoleon, the philosopher, the tactician, the victor of Napoleon? Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desire to be reborn from the vicious kind of humanity and himself lead to the higher extent of perfection? Didn’t he establish schools and hospitals and let go of his peasants by free will? But instead only this, here, he, a rich husband of a wrong wife, a chamberlain in retirement, affectionately ate, drank and unbuttoned a little to scold the government, a member of the Moscow English club and loved by all members of Moscow society. He for long could not make up with that thought that he ate with those very retired Moscow chamberlains, the type of which he so deeply despised seven years to that backwards. Sometimes he comforted himself with the thoughts that this is only so, meanwhile, he leads this life; but then he was terrified by another idea that so, meanwhile, now how many people entered as he, with all their teeth and hair in this life and in this club exited from there without one tooth and without hair. In minutes of pride, when he thought about his position, to him it seemed that he was really different, special from those retired chamberlains, which he despised before, that those were vulgar and stupid, satisfied and reassured of his position, "but I now am all displeased, all I want to do is something for humanity," — he spoke to himself in minutes of pride. —"but maybe and all those of my friends, exactly so the same, as I, fought, searched for something new, their roads in life, and so the same as I forced in the setting, society, breeds, that spontaneous force, against which is not a domineering person, were given there the same where I am," — he spoke to himself in minutes of modesty, and having lived in Moscow for some time, he did not despise it now, but started to love, respect and pity, so the same as himself, his by fate friends. In Pierre was not found, as before, the minutes of despair, blues and disgust to life; but that same disease, expressed before sharp seizures, was driven inward and for an instant did not leave him. "For why? What for? What is going on in the world?" — he asked himself with disbelief several times a day, unwittingly beginning to ponder on the meaning of the phenomena of life; but with experience knew that for these questions there were not answers, he hastily tried to turn away from them, took for a book, or hurried to the club, or to Apollon Nikolaevich to chat about city gossip. "Elen Vasilievna, never loved anyone besides their bodies and is one of the most stupid women in the world, — thought Pierre, — she is presented people on horseback minds of refinements, and before her are adored. Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by all before those while he was great, and with those as he has become a miserable comedian — the Emperor Franz gets to propose to him his daughter as an illegal spouse. The Spaniards send prayers to God through Catholic clergy in gratitude for how they conquered the French on the 14th of June, but the French send prayers through that same Catholic clergy about how they on the 14th of June conquered the Spaniards. My brother masons swear in blood that they to all are ready to sacrifice for those near, but do not pay the only fallen in fees for the poor and intrigue Astrea against seeking Manna, and bother about the present Scottish carpet and about acts, the sense of which they do not know who writes it, and which no one needs. All of us profess the Christian law of forgiving resentment and love to neighbor — the law, owing to which we erected in Moscow forty and forty churches, but yesterday spotted the whipping of an escaped man, and this minister of the same law itself of love and forgiveness, the priest, gave the soldier to kiss the cross before execution." So thought Pierre, and this all, common by all the relationship of the lie, as he was used to it, as if something new, at any time astonished him. —"I understand this lie and confusion, — he thought, — but am I to say to all of them, what I understand? I have tried and have always found that they in the depth of their soul understand that the same as I, but are trying only to not see it. It has become so needed! But to where do I disappear?" — thought Pierre. He felt the unhappy ability of many, especially Russian people, — the ability to see and believe in the opportunity of good and the truth, and also clearly see the evil and lies of life, for this so that to be in their forces to take in it serious participation. Any region of labor in his eyes united with evil and tricks. What he tried to be for what he took — the evil and lies repelled him and obstructed him in the way of all of his activities. But between that need was to live, the need was to be busy. Also fearful was to be under the oppression of these insoluble issues of life, and he gave back to his first hobbies, so that to only forget them. He drove in all kinds of society, drank much, bought pictures and built, but the main thing was reading. He was reading and was reading everything that hit under his arm, and was reading so that, having arrived home, when the lackeys were still undressing him, he, already had taken a book, was reading — and from reading went over to sleep, and from sleep to chatter in the living rooms and club, from chatter to revelry and women, from revelry again to chatter, reading and blame. Drinking wine for him became all the more and more physical and together with a moral need. Despite that what his doctor said to him, that with his corpulence, wine for him was dangerous, he very much drank. He became quite okay only then, when he, himself not noticing how, tipping into his big mouth a few glasses of wine, felt the pleasant of warmth in his body, tenderness to all his neighbor and the readiness of his mind to superficially respond to all ideas, not deeping in its essence. Only drinking a bottle or two of wine, he was vaguely aware that that intricate, terrible knot of life, which terrified him before, was not so scary as it seemed to him. With the noise in his head, chatting, listening to conversations or reading after lunch and dinner, he incessantly saw this knot, somewhere around him. Yet only under the influence of wine he spoke to himself: "This is nothing. This I am unraveling — here in me is a ready explanation. Yet now once, — I after this will think over all of it!" Yet the after this never came. On an empty stomach, in the morning, all the former questions presented so the same insoluble and terrible, and Pierre hastily seized for a book and rejoiced when someone came to him. Sometimes Pierre remembered about hearing a story about how in war soldiers, found out under shots in cover, when there is nothing to do, carefully seek for themselves an occupation, for that it is easier to carry across the danger. And Pierre to all people presented such soldiers, fleeing from life: who is ambition, who is cards, who is writing laws, who is women, who is toys, who is horses, who is politics, who is hunting, who is wine, who is state business. "No worthless, or important, all care: only would to save from it as I can!" thought Pierre. —"Only would I not see it, this terrible it." 520 "Il est charmant, il n’a pas de sexe"  ("He's charming, he has no sex")  

Time: undefined.
Mentioned: seven years before, 14th of June

Locations: Pierre's house in St. Petersburg, his Moscow house
Mentioned: the Iver chapel (the Iverskaya Chapel in Pevear and Volkhonsky and Dole. Iversky chapel in Garnett and Briggs. Dropped in Mandelker, Maude, and Dunnigan, unless it is the Iberian shrine. Virgin of Iverskaia in Bell.), the Kremlin square, Sivtsev Vrazhok (...Vrazhek in Pevear and Volkhonsky and Dole. shops of Kitaigorod in Bell.), the English club, Russia (and Russian), Spaniards, French, Scotch

Pevear and Volokhonsky Notes:

A really strong inner monologuing Pierre chapter in which very little happens (the only event is Pierre's moving to Moscow) but is extremely important to understanding the characters and themes of the novel as a whole (for now, most of this post is just quotes. Hopefully I'll add more commentary later).

Pierre, and how the engagement of Andrei and Natasha has affected him. Iosif Alexeevich has died and "the whole charm of that former life suddenly vanished for him...that former life suddenly presented itself to Pierre with unexpected vileness."

He "began drinking heavily again." He leaves Moscow to avoid his wife.

"the dried- and drying-up princesses"

"saw old Moscow men, who desired nothing and were not hurrying anywhere as they lived out their lives"

"For him Moscow was comfortable, warm, habitual, and dirty, like an old dressing gown."

Moscow society also accepts Pierre, while St. Petersburg had rejected him.

"His purse was always empty, because it was open to everyone...he would have given everything away."

"He's charming, he has no sex," they said of him."

"How horrified he would have been if, seven years ago, when he had just come from abroad, someone had told him that there was no need to seek or invent anything, that his rut had long been carved out for him and
determined from all eternity...Had he not wished with all his soul to establish a republic in Russia, then to become a Napoleon himself"

"For a long time he could not reconcile himself to the thought that he was that very same retired Moscow gentleman-in-waiting the type of which he had so deeply despised seven years ago."

"by force of circumstances, society, breeding, by that elemental force against which man is powerless, were brought to where I am now,"

"Napoleon Bonaparte was scorned by everyone as long as he was great, but now that he's become a pathetic comedian, the emperor Franz seeks to offer him his daughter as an illegitimate wife."

"The Spanish offer up prayers to God through the Catholic clergy in thanksgiving for having defeated the French on the fourteenth of June, and the French offer up prayers through the same Catholic clergy for having
defeated the Spanish on the fourteenth of June."

"yesterday a deserted was flogged to death, and a priest, a servant of that same law of love and forgiveness, gave him the cross to kiss before the execution."

"He experienced the unfortunate ability of many people, especially Russians--the ability to see and believe in the possibility of goodness and truth, and to see the evil and falsehood of life too clearly to be able to
participate in it seriously."

"Drinking wine became more and more of a physical and at the same time moral need for him."

The analogy of the knot. The wine helps it become less terrifying and feel that it can "disentangle it".

Connection to the idleness of Nikolai with his regiment in Part 4: "Sometimes Pierre remembered stories he had heard about how soldiers at war, taking cover under enemy fire, when there is nothing to do, try to
find some occupation for themselves so as to endure the danger more easily."

Characters (characters who do not appear, but are mentioned are placed in italics. First appearances are in Bold. First mentions are underlined. Final appearance denoted by *):

Pierre

Prince Andrei

Natasha

Iosiph Alekseyevitch (also "Benefactor". Garnett also adds "the old freemason".)

Countess Elena Vasilyevna (also "wife")

Napoleon Bonaparte

Apollon Nikolayevitch ("....Nikolayevich" in Briggs, Dunnigan, and Edmonds. "....Nikolaevich" in Mandelker and Weiner. Bell cuts the name and just uses “a friend”.)

Emperor Franz

Emperor Franz's daughter (who will be Napoleon's wife)

(Pierre's acquaintances and brethren are referenced in general. Different people in Moscow are also mentioned in general, as are different Moscow women and girls, also the deserter who was flogged to death
and the priest that blessed it. Pierre's valet is also referenced.)

Abridged Versions: Start of Part Fifth in Dole.

Start of Part Five in Edmonds, Briggs, Mandelker, and Dunnigan.

Start of Book Eight in Maude.  

Start of Part Eight in Garnett. Start of Part the Eighth in Weiner. Chapter 15 in Bell.
Gibian: Start of Book Eight: 1811-1812.

Fuller: Entire Chapter is cut.

Komroff: Start of Book Eight: 1811-1812. The chapter ends a little early at “But that later on never came” but the rest of the chapter is preserved. Followed by a line break.

Kropotkin: Start of 1811 Part Eighth: “In 1811 there are murmurs against Napoleon in the European courts. His prohibition of trade with England is costly to everyone, including Russia, and the Tsar countenances
the reception of British merchantmen at his ports. Napoleon is on the offensive in Spain, but cannot dislodge the British; he is harassed by Spanish and Portuguese guerrillas; the expense of the war is weakening
him, and as he loses in strength, the European nations gain courage to oppose him. Russia is apprehensive of Napoleon’s continuing encroachments, particularly opposing French annexation of the Duchy of
Oldenburg, domain of the Tsar’s uncle. Napoleon is resentful of Russia’s trade with Britain.”

Chapter is preserved.

Bromfield: Chapter 7: Emphasis that Pierre is not jealous and no mention that Iosiph Alekseyevitch, though his distaste for freemasonry is mentioned. Mention of him wanting to drink the rum on the window-ledge
in the talk of what he had wanted to accomplish. More of an explicit contrast between Pierre and Andrei’s philosophies, reminding the reader of the how they viewed life in their conversation. When Pierre is thinking
about the absurd contradictions of the world, he mentions Bolkonsky’s treatment of his daughter, Speransky’s exile, and “Lord Pitt talks about grain, but it’s not what he thinks.” He doesn’t mention the contradiction
of the church blessing the execution or the religious battles (but he does mention the Masons infighting). The chapter continues after “that terrible it”, with some of the information about how he is viewed in society
that comes earlier in the chapter in the latter version but also he has “rhyming verse competitions with V.L. Pushkin and P.I. Kutuzov”. Also an explicit mention of his renewing of friendship with Dolokhov and Anatole,
which just doesn’t happen in the latter version.
Simmons: Start of 1811-1812: chapter is shortened by removing the description of the different sections of Moscow and Pierre's place in society. Pierre's reflection on how men had grown old in his situation is removed.

Additional Notes: Maude: “Napoleon turned his attentions to the Archduchess Marie-Louise, the eighteen-year-old daughter of the Austrian emperor. They married in March 1810 and the following year Marie-Louise
gave birth to a son, Francois-Charles-Joseph to whom Napoleon gave the title ‘King of Rome’.

Garnett: “The battle of Medina del Rio Seco, on July 14, 1808, ended in an overwhelming victory for the French. Tolstoy erroneously refers to this battle as having taken place on June 14.”

“The similie comparing Piere’s embrace of the traditional Russian way of life with an old dressing gown recalls Ivan Goncharov’s Oblomov, hero of the 1858 novel of the same name.”

Anna Karenina (Pevear and Volokhonsky): "he no longer had the intellectual work that formerly had taken up the greater part of his time. Sergei Ivanovich was intelligent, educated, healthy, energetic and did not

know where to apply his energy. Conversations in drawing rooms, conferences, meetings, committees, wherever one could talk, took up part of his time; but as an inveterate city-dweller, he did not allow himself

to be totally consumed by talking, as his inexperienced brother did when he was in Moscow; he was still left with considerable leisure and mental force."

Raeff (page 160): "The ritual aspect of Masonry appealed to a service nobility that, without the traditions of feudalism or chivalry, was eager to create its own aristocratic code of behavior and set of values.

Infatuation with the ceremonial aspect no doubt led to the establishment of lodges of a purely social character, dedicated to entertainment and good living. This was frequently the case in the capitals and

residences of the idle and wealthy nobility, for whom the lodges served the same purpose that fraternities and clubs had on the campus of socially select English and American universities. There is no

question that in Russia this type of lodge merely served as a screen to corruption, debauchery, and vice."

What is Religion and of What Does Its Essence Consist: Page 114: “What is it the Turkish sultan guards, and what does he cling on to above all else? Why on entering a town does the Russian emperor first

of all kiss the icons and relics? And why, despite all the lustre of culture he so effects, and regardless of whether it si opportune, does the German emperor speak of God, Christ, the sanctity of religion, and

oaths, etc. in all of his speeches? It is because they all know that their power rests on the army, and the possibility of an army existing at all rests on religion. If wealthy people happen to be particularly religious

and pretend to be believers, going to Church and observing the sabbath, they do all this on the whole because their instinct for self-preservation warns them that their exclusive and privileged position in society

is bound to the religion they profess.”